Abstract:
Background or Introduction: Chemical carcinogens classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as Group 1 very probably contribute to cancer occurrence in over 13.5 million people and death from cancer in over seven million people. In percent, chemical elements and chemical compounds very probably contribute to cancer occurrence in about 68% of all cancer cases and very probably significantly contribute to cancer death in about 72% of all cancer deaths (yearly and globally). There are two main reasons for increasing cancer cases in the next decades: first, growing of the world population and, second, un-proportional growing of the elderly population. Consequently, by 2050, the number of cancer cases predicts to reach 35 million. The mentioned chemical carcinogens were used for decades without proper evaluation of their health effects.
Aims: Early detection is crucial as most carcinogens have cumulative effects. Identifying urinary markers of exposure can help detect, eliminate, or reduce sources of carcinogens, advancing preventive oncology. While complete eliminating carcinogens is impossible, improving detection and monitoring?especially through specialized urine analysis?can help define preventive measures to lower carcinogen levels in the body.
Methods: Described screening protocol is applicable in any location with HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) and ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) devices. They are non-invasive, quick, effective, affordable, and inexpensive requiring only urine samples.
Findings: This screening protocol aims to develop, improve, and implement screening protocol for many malignant diseases and many non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, hematological, dermatological, and infertility.
Implications: It supports medical professionals in interpreting HPLC and ICP urinary analyses and providing guidance on reducing or avoiding carcinogen exposure. In some cases, doctors may identify sources of exposure and inform authorities to address and eliminate these hazards.
Applications: Bladder Cancer
Background or Introduction: There is no generally accepted, routine screening for bladder cancer (BC), which is among the ten most common malignancy in men and the most expensive cancer to treat.
Aims: The aim of the study was to examine the possibility of using the urinary concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene for screening high-risk male individuals for bladder cancer.
Methods: Radosavljevi? urinary screening used for the key chemical carcinogens.
Findings: Numerical data were arithmetic mean with standard deviation or median with interquartile range, while categorical data shown as percentages. Two independent samples compared by Student t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, depending on the data distribution. Normality evaluated by Shapiro-Wilk test and box plots. The analysis performed in statistical software IBMSPSS ver. 29. This case-control study comprised 117 urinary bladder male cancer patients and 110 healthy male controls. The average age of patients was 67.86±9.94 years, while for controls was an average of 82.95±7.62 years. The mean urinary values of 1-hydroxypyrene at 1st measurement – in patients 205.0 pg/ml (IQR = 116.5-456.5) and in controls 136.5 pg/ml (IQR =76-374.5) with statistically higher values in urinary bladder male cancer patients than in controls (p = 0.020). At 2nd measurement – in patients 183.0 pg/ml (IQR = 141.8-407.3) and 137.0 pg/ml (IQR = 73-353.0) with statistically higher values in urinary bladder male cancer patients than in controls (p = 0.013). 1-Hydroxypyrene results were higher in bladder cancer patients group, but determination of 1-hydroxypyrene alone in urine is not sufficient for urinary screening of bladder cancer in men.
Implications: We suggest that HPLC and ICP analysis urinary biomarkers from other chemical carcinogens incriminated as causes of bladder cancer, from Group 1 carcinogens according to IARC.
Application: infertility
Aims: The aim of the study was to show the possibility of using the urinary screening biomarkers of the key chemical carcinogens responsible for fighting against infertility.
Methods: Radosavljevic urinary screening of key chemical carcinogens used.
Findings: The chemical carcinogens discussed used for decades without proper evaluation of their health effects, costing millions of lives. Considering the long-term health impacts of current products is critical. Early detection is crucial as most carcinogens have cumulative effects. Identifying urinary biomarkers of exposure can help detect, eliminate, or reduce sources of carcinogens, advancing fighting agains infertility. Here is the focus on Group 1 chemical carcinogens classified by the IARC.
Keywords: Urinary Screening; Chemical Carcinogens; Malignant Diseases; Non-communicable Diseases.
