Cancer biology delves into the intricate mechanisms that fuel the emergence and progression of cancer. It investigates how genetic mutations, cellular signaling disruptions, and the tumor’s microenvironment work together to enable abnormal cell growth and metastasis. Central to this research are oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and cancer stem cells, each contributing uniquely to the disease’s development. Understanding these processes opens the door to groundbreaking therapeutic approaches, paving the way for more targeted and individualized treatments that can potentially transform cancer care.