Cancer vaccines and immune modulation are revolutionizing oncology by harnessing the body’s natural defenses. Therapeutic vaccines, such as those targeting prostate and melanoma cancers, stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack tumor cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, like PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockers, unleash immune responses suppressed by cancer. Advances in neoantigen vaccines, tailored to individual tumors, show promise in enhancing specificity and efficacy. Research into combination approaches, including vaccines and other immunotherapies, aims to improve outcomes and reduce recurrence rates. Efforts to identify predictive biomarkers ensure personalized treatment strategies. These innovations, combined with a growing understanding of immune mechanisms, are paving the way for durable responses and long-term survival in patients across various cancer types.