Medical oncology continues to evolve, with significant strides in chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and combination regimens. Chemotherapy protocols have been optimized to reduce toxicity while maintaining effectiveness, and targeted therapies now offer precision treatments tailored to genetic mutations within tumors. Advances in pharmacogenomics have enabled the identification of biomarkers that predict treatment response, improving outcomes for patients. Combination regimens, such as chemo-immunotherapy, have demonstrated synergistic effects, enhancing efficacy against resistant cancers. Ongoing research into drug development and optimization ensures that patients receive more effective and personalized care, extending survival rates and improving quality of life.