Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small population of cells within a tumor that possess the unique ability to self-renew and give rise to diverse tumor cell types. These cells play a critical role in cancer progression, metastasis, and relapse, as they are often resistant to conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. CSCs contribute to tumor heterogeneity, making cancers more difficult to treat effectively. Recent research has focused on understanding the molecular pathways that regulate CSCs, including those involved in their self-renewal, survival, and resistance to therapy. Targeting these pathways could provide a promising therapeutic approach to eliminate CSCs and prevent cancer recurrence.