Title : Features of local mucosal immunity of the oral cavity and systemic immunity in persons with severe
Abstract:
With the latest developments in the COVID-19 pandemic, current research shows that coronavirus infection enters human cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor 2 (ACE2) through scRNA-seq data analysis. In the course of large-scale studies, organs at risk and vulnerable to infection with the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome have been identified. Therefore, cells with the distribution of ACE2 receptors can become host cells for the virus and cause an inflammatory response in related organs and tissues, such as the mucous membrane of the tongue and salivary glands. The interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with ACE2 receptors can also impair the sensitivity of taste buds, which can cause dysfunctional taste reactions.
The available data have not yet identified an effective and safe pharmacological therapy against COVID-19, and the available potential antiviral drugs lead to adverse reactions. Therefore, acute COVID-19 infection and associated therapeutic interventions can contribute to adverse oral health outcomes. Oral signs and symptoms associated with COVID-19 are known to include taste disturbances, nonspecific mouth ulcers, desquamative gingivitis, petechiae, and coinfections such as candidiasis. However, it is still not clear whether these manifestations can be a true clinical picture resulting from direct infection with SARS-CoV-2, or systemic consequences, given the possibility of coinfections, weakening of local immune reactivity and adverse reactions to therapy. Since the prevalence of clinical manifestations is still not fully understood, the spectrum of manifestations of COVID-19 in the oral cavity is considered a subject of wide and current interest, therefore, a live systematic review approach is needed that will allow continuous monitoring of recently published studies through periodic searches to include new relevant information, especially on a topic that is constantly being updated in the context of COVID-19.
In recent years, much attention has been paid not to the study of cellular and humoral factors of systemic immunity, but most of all the emphasis is on the factors of local immunity, especially depending on the clinical features of the course of the disease, which gives a broader and more correct understanding of changes in local immunity, especially against the background of the course of infectious pathology. This paper will present the main immunological parameters of local immunity and blood, which are important in the immunopathogenesis and course of respiratory infectious pathology associated with the course of COVID-19. The factors of innate immunity will be investigated. These factors include such values ??as humoral factors: cytokines, interferons, immunoglobulins, and circulating immune complexes of various sizes. It should be noted that the listed parameters of immunity are nonspecific, i.e. universal factors, the study of which against the background of a specific nosology and comparison of the results obtained with the clinical manifestations of the disease makes these factors specific and unique, revealing the mechanisms of the immunopathogenesis of the course of acute infectious disease, since it is the above parameters of the immune system that accompany all processes of immunopathogenesis, the development of the disease, its progression and the outcome.
Audience takeaway notes:
- This diagnostic method makes it possible to use COVID-19 to determine the severity of the infection.
- It allows for the evaluation of humoral immunity status in patients.
- The establishment of reliable suppression of the main interferons responsible for the formation of antiviral protection in persons with a severe current COVID-19 serves as a marker of adverse prediction of the outcome of mucous membrane damage in this category of patients
