Energy relations of thermomechanical processes and crystallographic transformations in shape memory alloys

Title : Energy relations of thermomechanical processes and crystallographic transformations in shape memory alloys

Abstract:

Shape memory alloys take place in a class of advanced smart materials by exhibiting a peculiar property called shape memory effect. This phenomenon is initiated with thermomechanical processes on cooling and deformation and performed thermally on heating and cooling, with which shape of materials cycles between original and deformed shapes in reversible way. Therefore, this behavior can be called Thermoelasticity. The deformation is plastic deformation with which strain energy is stored in the material and releases on heating by recovering original shape. This phenomenon is based on thermomechanical transformations in crystallographic level, thermal and stress induced martensitic transformations. Thermal induced transformations are exothermic reactions and occur on cooling with the cooperative movement of atoms in <110 > -type directions on {110}-type close packed planes of austenite matrix, along with lattice twinning and ordered parent phase structures turn into twinned martensitic structure. Twinned structures turn into detwinned martensite by means of stress induced martensitic transformation with deformation in the low temperature condition. Shape recovery is performed by endothermic austenitic transformation which occurs on heating and detwinned martensite structures turn into the ordered parent phase structure. Lattice twinning and detwinning reactions play important role in martensitic transformations, and they are driven by internal and external forces by means of inhomogeneous lattice invariant shears. Martensitic and austenitic transformations are solid state reactions, and these reactions do not start at the equilibrium temperature at Gibbs Free Energy Temperature Diagram and a driving force is necessary for the transformations. 
These alloys exhibit another property called superelasticity, which is performed with stressing and releasing the material in elasticity limit at a constant temperature in parent phase region, and shape recovery occurs upon releasing, by exhibiting elastic material behavior. Stress-strain curve exhibit non-linear behavior, stressing and releasing paths are different, and hysteresis loop refers to the energy dissipation. Superelasticity is the result of stress-induced martensitic transformation, and parent phase structures turn into the fully detwinned martensite structures with stressing.  
Copper based alloys exhibit this property in metastable β-phase region. Lattice invariant shears and lattice twinning are not uniform in these alloys, and the ordered parent phase structures undergo long-period layered structures with martensitic transformation. These structures can be described by different unit cells as 9R or 18R depending on the stacking sequences on the close-packed planes of the ordered lattice.  
In the present contribution, x-ray and electron diffraction studies were carried out on copper based CuZnAl and CuAlMn alloys. X-ray diffraction profiles and electron diffraction patterns exhibit super lattice reflections inherited from parent phase due to the diffusionless character of the transformation. X-ray diffractograms taken in a long-time interval show that diffraction angles and intensities of diffraction peaks change with the aging time at room temperature. This result refers to a new transformation in diffusive manner.

Keywords: Shape memory effect, martensitic transformations, thermoelasticity, superelasticity, lattice twinning and detwinning.

Biography:

Dr. Osman Adiguzel graduated from Department of Physics, Ankara University, Turkey in 1974 and received PhD- degree from Dicle University, Diyarbakir-Turkey. He studied at Surrey University, Guildford, UK, as a post doctoral research scientist in 1986-1987, and his studies focused on shape memory alloys. He worked as research assistant, 1975-80, at Dicle University and shifted to Firat University in 1980. He became professor in 1996, and he has been retired due to the age limit of 67, following academic life of 45 years. He published over 80 papers in international and national journals; He joined over 120 conferences and symposia in international and national level as Plenary Speaker, Keynote Speaker, Invited speaker, speaker or Poster presenter. He served the program chair or conference chair/co-chair in some of these activities. In particular, he joined in last six years (2014 - 2019) over 60 conferences as Speaker, Keynote Speaker and Conference Co-Chair organized by different companies in different countries. Additionally, he retired at the end of November 2019, and contributed with Keynote/Plenary Speeches over 120 Virtual/Webinar Conferences, due to the coronavirus outbreak in three year of his retirement, 2020 and 2022. Dr. Adiguzel served his directorate of Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Firat University in 1999-2004. He supervised 5 PhD- theses and 3 M. Sc theses. He is also technical committee member of many conferences. He received a certificate which is being awarded to him and his experimental group in recognition of   significant contribution of 2 patterns to the Powder Diffraction File – Release 2000. The ICDD (International Centre for Diffraction Data) also appreciates cooperation of his group and interest in Powder Diffraction File.