Cancer drug resistance poses a significant challenge in the treatment landscape, impeding the effectiveness of various therapies. As researchers delve into this complex phenomenon, understanding the mechanisms behind drug resistance becomes paramount. It involves a multifaceted interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental factors. Genetic mutations within cancer cells can give rise to resistance by altering drug targets or activating alternative survival pathways. Epigenetic changes, influencing gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, also contribute to drug resistance. Additionally, the tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role, providing a sanctuary for resistant cells to thrive. Overcoming drug resistance necessitates innovative approaches, such as combination therapies targeting multiple pathways simultaneously. Personalized medicine, tailoring treatments based on individual patient profiles, emerges as a promising avenue. Advancements in technology, including genomic profiling and liquid biopsies, aid in identifying resistance mechanisms and adapting treatment strategies. The dynamic landscape of cancer drug resistance underscores the importance of ongoing research and collaborative efforts to develop more effective and enduring treatments for cancer patients.