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Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are a rare type of cancer that originates in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, commonly found in the stomach or small intestine. GISTs are characterized by the abnormal growth of specialized cells called interstitial cells of Cajal, which are part of the autonomic nervous system in the GI tract and play a role in regulating muscle contractions. The majority of GISTs are caused by mutations in the KIT or PDGFRA genes, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. GISTs can vary widely in their size and behavior, ranging from benign to malignant. Some GISTs are slow-growing and may not cause symptoms for an extended period, while others can be more aggressive.
Symptoms of GISTs may include abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, a feeling of fullness, or a palpable mass in the abdomen. Diagnosis often involves imaging studies, such as CT scans or endoscopy, and confirmation through a biopsy. Treatment for GISTs typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, and in cases where the tumor is unresectable or has metastasized, targeted therapies such as imatinib (Gleevec) may be used. Imatinib has shown significant effectiveness in controlling the growth of GISTs by targeting the specific genetic mutations driving their development.
As GISTs are relatively rare, ongoing research is focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these tumors, identifying new treatment approaches, and improving outcomes for individuals diagnosed with GISTs. Regular monitoring and follow-up care are essential in managing GISTs, given their potential for recurrence.
