Targeted therapies, including small molecule inhibitors, represent a paradigm shift in cancer treatment by focusing on molecular abnormalities unique to cancer cells. These therapies disrupt critical pathways involved in cancer cell growth and survival while sparing healthy tissues. For instance, tyrosine kinase inhibitors effectively target cancers driven by specific mutations, such as EGFR in lung cancer. PARP inhibitors have shown success in treating BRCA-mutated ovarian and breast cancers. Research into combining targeted therapies with immunotherapy is expanding their potential, offering synergistic effects. However, challenges like resistance mechanisms remain, prompting the development of next-generation inhibitors and combination approaches. By providing precision and reducing side effects, targeted therapies enhance treatment outcomes and improve the quality of life for cancer patients.