The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in cancer development and progression. It comprises not only cancer cells but also various stromal cells, immune cells, blood vessels, and extracellular matrix components, all of which interact to support tumor growth and spread. These cellular interactions within the TME can either promote tumor survival, enhance angiogenesis, or facilitate metastasis. Tumor cells manipulate the microenvironment to their advantage, often altering immune cell activity and promoting a more favorable environment for their growth. Therapeutic strategies targeting the TME aim to disrupt these interactions, making the environment hostile to cancer cells, thereby inhibiting their ability to proliferate and spread throughout the body.