Temporomandibular Disorders

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a group of conditions that involve the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the muscles that control movement of the jaw. The TMJ is a hinge joint that connects the mandible (lower jaw) to the temporal bone of the skull. It is responsible for the movement of the jaw. TMDs are one of the most common musculoskeletal problems seen in dentistry. Common signs and symptoms include pain and tenderness in the jaw, limited jaw movement, difficulty opening and closing the mouth, clicking or popping sounds when moving the jaw, and headaches. There are many possible causes of TMDs, including arthritis, injury, clenching or grinding the teeth, and malocclusion (improper bite). In most cases, TMDs can be managed conservatively with lifestyle changes, physical therapy, medications, and/or oral appliances. Lifestyle changes may include a reduction in stress and avoiding activities that require frequent and/or prolonged jaw movements. Physical therapy involves exercises to stretch and strengthen the jaw muscles and to improve range of motion. Medications may include pain relievers, muscle relaxants, and/or anti-inflammatory drugs. Oral appliances can be used to reduce clenching or grinding of the teeth and to realign the jaw. Surgery is rarely needed to treat TMDs and is considered only when other treatments have failed. Surgery may involve repositioning the jaw or removing bone or tissue to relieve pressure on the joint and muscles. By understanding the causes and treatments of TMDs, dentists can help their patients achieve relief from pain and discomfort and maintain their quality of life.