Dental Enamel

Dental enamel is the most highly mineralized hard tissue in humans, and is the outer layer that protects the crown of each tooth. It is comprised mostly of hydroxyapatite, which is a type of calcium phosphate. Enamel is the most durable mineralized tissue in the body since it often lasts a lifetime despite being subjected to mechanical loading, acidic environments, and extremes in temperature. Because of its extreme durability and protective properties, enamel is essential for protecting the inner and sensitive layers of teeth, including the dentin, pulp, and root. Enamel serves to preserve the integrity of teeth so that primary functions such as mastication, grooming, and speech are not compromised. The structural components of dental enamel make it effective in transmitting the forces generated during function, such as eating and biting. Its unique make-up allows enamel to resist acid and bacteria, which not only protects the inner layers of teeth, but prevents inflammation and disease of surrounding tissue in the oral cavity. The hyposalivation and acidification associated with Sjögren’s Syndrome and other conditions weaken the protective properties of enamel and increase the risk for erosion. The morphology of enamel differs depending on the region of the tooth. The incisal and occlusal surfaces of enamel are of greater thickness to transmit forces without fracture. The cervical portion of the enamel is thinner, as it is subjected to less mechanical stress. Several factors, such as genetics, fluoride exposure, and nutrition, can affect the presence and quality of enamel. Genetics dictate the strength, composition, and thickness of enamel, whereas external factors such as diet result in tooth discoloration or cavities. Environmental factors such as carbon dioxide levels and industrial activity can also lead to dental enamel defects. Though it is naturally resilient, enamel can wear away if not properly cared for. Daily brushing and flossing, coupled with regular dental visits are essential for preventing enamel erosion to avoid pain and tooth sensitivities. Without the protective properties of dental enamel, the inner layer of teeth and surrounding oral tissue can face greater chances of damage.