Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a diverse group of hematologic malignancies originating from lymphocytes and involving the lymphatic system. It is broadly classified into Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, each encompassing multiple subtypes with distinct biological and clinical behaviors. Patients may present with painless lymphadenopathy, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and extranodal involvement. Diagnosis relies on lymph node biopsy, immunophenotyping, molecular studies, and imaging for accurate classification and staging. Advances in molecular profiling have refined risk stratification and enabled personalized treatment approaches. Therapeutic strategies include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted agents, radiotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in selected cases. Novel therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and cellular immunotherapies have significantly improved outcomes, particularly in relapsed or refractory disease. Ongoing research focuses on understanding lymphoma biology, overcoming treatment resistance, minimizing long-term toxicity, and improving survivorship. Lymphoma remains a major focus in hematology due to its heterogeneity and evolving therapeutic landscape.