Waste-to-energy and biorefineries are key solutions in the transition toward a circular economy, converting waste materials into valuable energy and resources. By utilizing processes such as anaerobic digestion and thermal conversion, organic waste can be transformed into biogas, electricity, or heat. Similarly, non-organic waste can be processed to recover metals or produce synthetic fuels, reducing the amount of waste that ends up in landfills while generating renewable energy. Biorefineries take this a step further by using biomass to produce not only energy but also bio-based products such as chemicals, plastics, and biofuels. Waste-to-Energy and Biorefineries offer significant environmental benefits, including the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the diversion of waste from landfills. This approach not only contributes to energy security but also promotes sustainable resource management by turning waste into a valuable commodity.