Dietary fatty acids are a diverse group of nutrients that play essential roles in human health, influencing heart function, brain development, and inflammatory responses. They can be classified into three main types: saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats. Unsaturated fats, particularly omega-3 fatty acids found in fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, are beneficial for cardiovascular health and have anti-inflammatory properties. On the other hand, excessive intake of saturated fats, commonly present in animal products like butter, cheese, and fatty meats, is linked to higher cholesterol levels and an increased risk of heart disease. Trans fats, which are industrially produced in partially hydrogenated oils, pose significant health risks by raising bad cholesterol (LDL) and lowering good cholesterol (HDL). Nutritional research focuses on understanding the balance of fatty acids needed in the diet to promote optimal health, emphasizing the need to limit unhealthy fats while increasing the intake of beneficial fatty acids to reduce the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and stroke.