Nutrition can play a protective role in neurological health, potentially reducing the risk or slowing the progression of conditions like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis. Omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and B vitamins are crucial for brain health, supporting cognitive function and protecting neurons from oxidative damage. Research shows that dietary patterns like the Mediterranean and MIND diets, rich in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and whole grains, are associated with lower rates of cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, emerging studies explore the role of probiotics and gut health in brain health, examining the gut-brain axis and its influence on neurological conditions. Through focused dietary interventions, nutrition science seeks to understand how diet can improve cognitive health and provide protective benefits against neurological diseases.