Vitamin and mineral supplements are widely used to address nutritional gaps in diets and to prevent or treat deficiencies. They are often recommended for individuals who have specific dietary needs, such as pregnant women requiring folic acid, individuals with osteoporosis needing calcium and vitamin D, or those on restricted diets that may lack certain nutrients. Nutritional research on supplements evaluates their effectiveness, safety, and long-term impact on health. Studies also investigate the bioavailability of these supplements, which refers to how well they are absorbed and utilized by the body. While supplements can play a key role in maintaining health, excessive intake can sometimes lead to negative effects, such as hypervitaminosis. Research continues to define the optimal dosages and conditions under which supplementation is beneficial, ensuring that individuals can make informed decisions about their use in promoting overall health and well-being.