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A nutritional biomarker is any biological specimen that indicates nutritional status in terms of dietary ingredient intake or metabolism. It can be a biochemical, functional, or clinical indicator of a nutrient's or other dietary constituent's state. Nutritional biomarkers can be viewed as a physiologic consequence of dietary consumption or dietary patterns in a broader sense. Nutritional biomarkers are traces left behind by your body that reveal what you ate. They are a property that may be assessed in a variety of biological samples, such as urine, and used as nutritional status indicators. There are three categories of biomarkers used in nutritional studies: exposure, effect, and health/disease condition. Biomarkers are more accurate and trustworthy than food diaries, but they are also more expensive and invasive. This implies they can't be done on a big scale, making them unsuitable for epidemiology research.
